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Elements of the Periodic Table

Explore the chemical elements of the periodic table below:

Atomic Number: 1
Symbol: H
Name: Hydrogen
Atomic Mass: 1.008
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 1
Period: 1
Block: s
Appearance: colorless gas
Density: 0.00008988
Boiling Point: 20.271 K
Melting Point: 13.99 K
Year Discovered: 1766
Discovered By: Henry Cavendish
Summary: Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass. Stars such as the Sun are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state.
Electron Configuration: 1s¹
Electrons Per Shell:1
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1312 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-11
Electronegativity: 2.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 2
Symbol: He
Name: Helium
Atomic Mass: 4.0026
Category: Noble gases
Group: 18
Period: 1
Block: s
Appearance: colorless gas, exhibiting a red-orange glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field
Density: 0.0001785
Boiling Point: 4.222 K
Melting Point: 0.95 K
Year Discovered: 1868
Discovered By: Pierre Janssen
Summary: Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen. It is primarily used for cryogenic applications, as a protective atmosphere for arc welding, and as a coolant in certain nuclear reactors.
Electron Configuration: 1s²
Electrons Per Shell:2
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:2372.3 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:
Electronegativity:
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 3
Symbol: Li
Name: Lithium
Atomic Mass: 6.94
Category: Alkali metals
Group: 1
Period: 2
Block: s
Appearance: silvery-white
Density: 0.534
Boiling Point: 1603 K
Melting Point: 453.65 K
Year Discovered: 1817
Discovered By: Johan August Arfvedson
Summary: Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, and lithium-ion batteries.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s¹
Electrons Per Shell:21
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:520.2 kJ/mol7298.1 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1
Electronegativity: 0.98
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 4
Symbol: Be
Name: Beryllium
Atomic Mass: 9.0122
Category: Alkaline earth metals
Group: 2
Period: 2
Block: s
Appearance: grey-white metal
Density: 1.848
Boiling Point: 2742 K
Melting Point: 1560 K
Year Discovered: 1798
Discovered By: Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
Summary: Beryllium is a steel-grey, strong, lightweight, brittle, and very toxic alkaline earth metal. It is used in aerospace materials, X-ray windows, and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s²
Electrons Per Shell:22
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:899.5 kJ/mol1757.6 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 1.57
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 5
Symbol: B
Name: Boron
Atomic Mass: 10.81
Category: Metalloids
Group: 13
Period: 2
Block: p
Appearance: black-brown powder
Density: 2.34
Boiling Point: 3927 K
Melting Point: 2349 K
Year Discovered: 1808
Discovered By: Humphry Davy
Summary: Boron is a metalloid that is a hard, brittle, and high-melting-point element. It is used in glass, ceramics, and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p¹
Electrons Per Shell:23
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:800.6 kJ/mol2427 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 2.04
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 6
Symbol: C
Name: Carbon
Atomic Mass: 12.011
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 14
Period: 2
Block: p
Appearance: black solid, diamond
Density: 2.267
Boiling Point: 4027 K
Melting Point: 3915 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Carbon is a nonmetal that is essential to all known life. It forms a vast array of compounds and is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p²
Electrons Per Shell:24
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:1086.5 kJ/mol2352.6 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-4-3-2-11234
Electronegativity: 2.55
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 7
Symbol: N
Name: Nitrogen
Atomic Mass: 14.007
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 15
Period: 2
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas, liquid or solid
Density: 0.001251
Boiling Point: 77.355 K
Melting Point: 63.15 K
Year Discovered: 1772
Discovered By: Daniel Rutherford
Summary: Nitrogen is a nonmetallic element that is essential for all living organisms. It makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere and is used in various industrial processes.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p³
Electrons Per Shell:25
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1402.3 kJ/mol2856 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-3-2-112345
Electronegativity: 3.04
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 8
Symbol: O
Name: Oxygen
Atomic Mass: 15.999
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 16
Period: 2
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas, liquid or solid
Density: 0.001429
Boiling Point: 90.188 K
Melting Point: 54.36 K
Year Discovered: 1774
Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Summary: Oxygen is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. It is the third-most abundant element in the universe by mass.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p⁴
Electrons Per Shell:26
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1313.9 kJ/mol3388.3 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-2-112
Electronegativity: 3.44
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 9
Symbol: F
Name: Fluorine
Atomic Mass: 18.998
Category: Halogens
Group: 17
Period: 2
Block: p
Appearance: pale yellow-green gas
Density: 0.001696
Boiling Point: 85.03 K
Melting Point: 53.48 K
Year Discovered: 1670
Discovered By: André-Marie Ampère
Summary: Fluorine is a highly reactive nonmetal and the most electronegative element. It is widely used in fluoride chemistry for applications in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and inorganic chemistry.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p⁵
Electrons Per Shell:27
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1681 kJ/mol3374.2 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-1
Electronegativity: 3.98
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 10
Symbol: Ne
Name: Neon
Atomic Mass: 20.18
Category: Noble gases
Group: 18
Period: 2
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas exhibiting a reddish-orange glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field
Density: 0.0008999
Boiling Point: 27.104 K
Melting Point: 24.56 K
Year Discovered: 1898
Discovered By: Sir William Ramsay, Morris Travers
Summary: Neon is a noble gas with a reddish-orange glow in its plasma state. It is used in neon lighting, vacuum tubes, high-voltage indicators, and as a refrigerant.
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p⁶
Electrons Per Shell:28
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:2080.7 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:
Electronegativity:
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 11
Symbol: Na
Name: Sodium
Atomic Mass: 22.99
Category: Alkali metals
Group: 1
Period: 3
Block: s
Appearance: silvery-white
Density: 0.968
Boiling Point: 1156 K
Melting Point: 370.944 K
Year Discovered: 1807
Discovered By: Sir Humphry Davy
Summary: Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. It is an essential element for life, found in salts, and is used in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and metal alloys.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s¹
Electrons Per Shell:281
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:495.8 kJ/mol4562 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1-1
Electronegativity: 0.93
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 12
Symbol: Mg
Name: Magnesium
Atomic Mass: 24.305
Category: Alkaline earth metals
Group: 2
Period: 3
Block: s
Appearance: shiny grey solid
Density: 1.738
Boiling Point: 1380 K
Melting Point: 923 K
Year Discovered: 1755
Discovered By: Joseph Black
Summary: Magnesium is a shiny grey alkaline earth metal. It is essential for living organisms, used in various industrial applications, and is an important component of lightweight alloys.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s²
Electrons Per Shell:282
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:737.7 kJ/mol1450.7 kJ/mol7732.7 kJ/mol10542.5 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 1.31
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 13
Symbol: Al
Name: Aluminum
Atomic Mass: 26.982
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 13
Period: 3
Block: p
Appearance: silvery grey metallic
Density: 2.7
Boiling Point: 2743 K
Melting Point: 933.47 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Aluminum is a silvery-white, lightweight, nonmagnetic, and ductile metal. It is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust and is widely used in industries such as transportation, packaging, and construction.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p¹
Electrons Per Shell:283
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:577.5 kJ/mol1816.7 kJ/mol2744.8 kJ/mol11577 kJ/mol14842 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:321-1
Electronegativity: 1.61
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 14
Symbol: Si
Name: Silicon
Atomic Mass: 28.085
Category: Metalloids
Group: 14
Period: 3
Block: p
Appearance: crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Density: 2.3296
Boiling Point: 3538 K
Melting Point: 1687 K
Year Discovered: 1824
Discovered By: Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Summary: Silicon is a metalloid that is essential for life in many organisms. It is widely used in semiconductors and solar cells, and its compounds are used in construction materials and refractories.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p²
Electrons Per Shell:284
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:786.5 kJ/mol1577.1 kJ/mol3231.6 kJ/mol4355.5 kJ/mol16091 kJ/mol19805 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:4321-1
Electronegativity: 1.9
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 15
Symbol: P
Name: Phosphorus
Atomic Mass: 30.974
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 15
Period: 3
Block: p
Appearance: colorless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black
Density: 1.823
Boiling Point: 553 K
Melting Point: 317.3 K
Year Discovered: 1669
Discovered By: Hennig Brand
Summary: Phosphorus is a nonmetallic element that exists in several allotropic forms, including white, red, and black phosphorus. It is essential for life and is used in fertilizers, detergents, and metal treatments.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p³
Electrons Per Shell:285
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:1011.8 kJ/mol1907 kJ/mol2914.1 kJ/mol4963.6 kJ/mol6273.5 kJ/mol21267 kJ/mol25431 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:54321-1-2-3
Electronegativity: 2.19
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 16
Symbol: S
Name: Sulfur
Atomic Mass: 32.06
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 16
Period: 3
Block: p
Appearance: lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Density: 2.07
Boiling Point: 717.8 K
Melting Point: 388.36 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Sulfur is a multivalent nonmetal that occurs naturally as a pure element in volcanic areas and in mineral form in many sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is used in black gunpowder, matches, and fertilizers.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴
Electrons Per Shell:286
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:999.6 kJ/mol2252 kJ/mol3357 kJ/mol4556 kJ/mol8495.8 kJ/mol27107 kJ/mol31719 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:654321-1-2
Electronegativity: 2.58
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 17
Symbol: Cl
Name: Chlorine
Atomic Mass: 35.45
Category: Halogens
Group: 17
Period: 3
Block: p
Appearance: pale yellow-green gas
Density: 0.003214
Boiling Point: 239.11 K
Melting Point: 171.6 K
Year Discovered: 1774
Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Summary: Chlorine is a highly reactive nonmetallic element and a strong oxidizing agent. It is used widely in bleaches, disinfectants, and industrial processes such as the production of plastics.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵
Electrons Per Shell:287
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1251.2 kJ/mol2298 kJ/mol3822 kJ/mol5158.6 kJ/mol6542 kJ/mol9362 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:7531-1
Electronegativity: 3.16
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 18
Symbol: Ar
Name: Argon
Atomic Mass: 39.948
Category: Noble gases
Group: 18
Period: 3
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas exhibiting a lilac/violet glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field
Density: 0.0017837
Boiling Point: 87.302 K
Melting Point: 83.81 K
Year Discovered: 1894
Discovered By: Sir William Ramsay, Lord Rayleigh
Summary: Argon is a noble gas that is the third-most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere. It is used in incandescent and fluorescent lighting, welding, and in the production of metals and semiconductors.
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶
Electrons Per Shell:288
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1520.6 kJ/mol2665.8 kJ/mol3931 kJ/mol5771 kJ/mol7238 kJ/mol8781 kJ/mol11995 kJ/mol13842 kJ/mol40760 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:
Electronegativity:
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 19
Symbol: K
Name: Potassium
Atomic Mass: 39.098
Category: Alkali metals
Group: 1
Period: 4
Block: s
Appearance: silvery grey
Density: 0.89
Boiling Point: 1032 K
Melting Point: 336.53 K
Year Discovered: 1807
Discovered By: Sir Humphry Davy
Summary: Potassium is a soft, waxy, silvery metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the liberated hydrogen. It is an essential element for life, found in all living organisms.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2881
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:418.8 kJ/mol3052 kJ/mol4420 kJ/mol5877 kJ/mol7975 kJ/mol9590 kJ/mol11343 kJ/mol14944 kJ/mol16963 kJ/mol48610 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1
Electronegativity: 0.82
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 20
Symbol: Ca
Name: Calcium
Atomic Mass: 40.078
Category: Alkaline earth metals
Group: 2
Period: 4
Block: s
Appearance: silvery grey
Density: 1.55
Boiling Point: 1757 K
Melting Point: 1115 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal that is the fifth-most abundant element in Earth's crust and an essential element for living organisms. It is used in construction, pharmaceuticals, and calcium-based nutrients.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:2882
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:589.8 kJ/mol1145.4 kJ/mol4912.4 kJ/mol6491 kJ/mol8153 kJ/mol10496 kJ/mol12270 kJ/mol14206 kJ/mol18462 kJ/mol20987 kJ/mol53971 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 1
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 21
Symbol: Sc
Name: Scandium
Atomic Mass: 44.956
Category: Transition metals
Group: 3
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 2.985
Boiling Point: 3109 K
Melting Point: 1814 K
Year Discovered: 1879
Discovered By: Lars Fredrik Nilson
Summary: Scandium is a silvery-white metallic transition metal, often classified as a rare earth element. It is used in aerospace components, lighting, and sports equipment due to its lightweight and high melting point.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:2892
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:633.1 kJ/mol1235 kJ/mol2388.6 kJ/mol7090.6 kJ/mol8843 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.36
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 22
Symbol: Ti
Name: Titanium
Atomic Mass: 47.867
Category: Transition metals
Group: 4
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: silvery grey-white metallic
Density: 4.506
Boiling Point: 3560 K
Melting Point: 1941 K
Year Discovered: 1791
Discovered By: William Gregor
Summary: Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium is used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and medical implants due to its excellent resistance to corrosion by salts, acids, and bases.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d² 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28102
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:658.8 kJ/mol1309.8 kJ/mol2652.5 kJ/mol4174.6 kJ/mol9581 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:4321
Electronegativity: 1.54
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 23
Symbol: V
Name: Vanadium
Atomic Mass: 50.942
Category: Transition metals
Group: 5
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: blue-silver-grey metal
Density: 6
Boiling Point: 3680 K
Melting Point: 2183 K
Year Discovered: 1801
Discovered By: Andrés Manuel del Río
Summary: Vanadium is a hard, silvery grey, ductile, and malleable transition metal. It is used in structural steels, aircraft, jet engines, high-speed aircraft, and rocket engines. It is also used in chemical processes, electrical devices, and in ceramics, glasses, and pigments.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d³ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28112
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:650.9 kJ/mol1414 kJ/mol2830 kJ/mol4507 kJ/mol6298.7 kJ/mol12363 kJ/mol14530 kJ/mol16730 kJ/mol19860 kJ/mol22240 kJ/mol24670 kJ/mol29730 kJ/mol32446 kJ/mol36600 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:54321
Electronegativity: 1.63
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 24
Symbol: Cr
Name: Chromium
Atomic Mass: 51.996
Category: Transition metals
Group: 6
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: silvery metallic
Density: 7.19
Boiling Point: 2944 K
Melting Point: 2180 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Chromium is a hard, shiny, silvery metal used primarily in the production of stainless steel and other alloys. It is also valued as a corrosion-resistant material, particularly for its ability to form a passivation layer of chromium(III) oxide when exposed to oxygen.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹
Electrons Per Shell:28131
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:652.9 kJ/mol1590.6 kJ/mol2987 kJ/mol4743 kJ/mol6702 kJ/mol8744.9 kJ/mol15455 kJ/mol17820 kJ/mol20190 kJ/mol23580 kJ/mol26130 kJ/mol28750 kJ/mol33290 kJ/mol36110 kJ/mol39180 kJ/mol44130 kJ/mol46800 kJ/mol97510 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:654321
Electronegativity: 1.66
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 25
Symbol: Mn
Name: Manganese
Atomic Mass: 54.938
Category: Transition metals
Group: 7
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: silvery metallic
Density: 7.21
Boiling Point: 2334 K
Melting Point: 1519 K
Year Discovered: 1774
Discovered By: Johan Gottlieb Gahn
Summary: Manganese is a hard, brittle, silvery metallic element that exists in several allotropic forms. It is an essential trace nutrient for all known living organisms and is used in steel production, batteries, and ceramics.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28132
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:717.3 kJ/mol1509 kJ/mol3248 kJ/mol4940 kJ/mol6990 kJ/mol9220 kJ/mol11500 kJ/mol18770 kJ/mol21400 kJ/mol23960 kJ/mol27590 kJ/mol30330 kJ/mol33150 kJ/mol37900 kJ/mol40970 kJ/mol44340 kJ/mol48200 kJ/mol105300 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:7654321-1
Electronegativity: 1.55
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 26
Symbol: Fe
Name: Iron
Atomic Mass: 55.845
Category: Transition metals
Group: 8
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge
Density: 7.874
Boiling Point: 3134 K
Melting Point: 1811 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-grey metal that is essential to nearly all known organisms. It is the most widely used and most important metal in the world, mainly for its low-cost and high strength properties.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28142
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:762.5 kJ/mol1561.9 kJ/mol2957 kJ/mol5290 kJ/mol7240 kJ/mol9560 kJ/mol12060 kJ/mol14580 kJ/mol22540 kJ/mol25290 kJ/mol28000 kJ/mol31920 kJ/mol34830 kJ/mol37840 kJ/mol44100 kJ/mol47206 kJ/mol51100 kJ/mol54600 kJ/mol59200 kJ/mol63500 kJ/mol67200 kJ/mol71200 kJ/mol76100 kJ/mol79800 kJ/mol85100 kJ/mol89000 kJ/mol93400 kJ/mol98420 kJ/mol104300 kJ/mol121300 kJ/mol127100 kJ/mol133700 kJ/mol141400 kJ/mol148000 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:654321
Electronegativity: 1.83
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 27
Symbol: Co
Name: Cobalt
Atomic Mass: 58.933
Category: Transition metals
Group: 9
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: hard lustrous grey metal
Density: 8.9
Boiling Point: 3200 K
Melting Point: 1768 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, grey metal that is ferromagnetic. It is used primarily in the production of high-performance alloys, hard-facing materials, high-speed steels, and permanent magnets.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28152
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:760.4 kJ/mol1648 kJ/mol3232 kJ/mol4950 kJ/mol7670 kJ/mol9840 kJ/mol12440 kJ/mol15230 kJ/mol17959 kJ/mol26570 kJ/mol29400 kJ/mol32400 kJ/mol36600 kJ/mol39700 kJ/mol42800 kJ/mol47963 kJ/mol51200 kJ/mol55900 kJ/mol59200 kJ/mol62900 kJ/mol68400 kJ/mol72100 kJ/mol76100 kJ/mol81000 kJ/mol85500 kJ/mol91600 kJ/mol96300 kJ/mol101200 kJ/mol107600 kJ/mol113600 kJ/mol121600 kJ/mol127700 kJ/mol134800 kJ/mol140500 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:321
Electronegativity: 1.88
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 28
Symbol: Ni
Name: Nickel
Atomic Mass: 58.693
Category: Transition metals
Group: 10
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: lustrous, metallic, and silvery with a gold tinge
Density: 8.908
Boiling Point: 3003 K
Melting Point: 1728 K
Year Discovered: 1751
Discovered By: Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Summary: Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of the four elements that are magnetic at or near room temperature. Nickel is widely used in making alloys, coins, magnets, and batteries.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28162
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:737.1 kJ/mol1753 kJ/mol3395 kJ/mol5300 kJ/mol7339 kJ/mol10400 kJ/mol12800 kJ/mol15600 kJ/mol18600 kJ/mol21670 kJ/mol30970 kJ/mol34000 kJ/mol37100 kJ/mol41500 kJ/mol44800 kJ/mol48300 kJ/mol54400 kJ/mol57900 kJ/mol61800 kJ/mol67700 kJ/mol71000 kJ/mol76700 kJ/mol81000 kJ/mol86400 kJ/mol91400 kJ/mol96800 kJ/mol104700 kJ/mol110600 kJ/mol116800 kJ/mol124300 kJ/mol130300 kJ/mol137000 kJ/mol143400 kJ/mol148700 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:432
Electronegativity: 1.91
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 29
Symbol: Cu
Name: Copper
Atomic Mass: 63.546
Category: Transition metals
Group: 11
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: red-orange metallic luster
Density: 8.96
Boiling Point: 2840 K
Melting Point: 1357.77 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. It is used in electrical wires, plumbing, roofing, and cookware. Copper compounds are used as fungicides and wood preservatives.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
Electrons Per Shell:28181
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:745.5 kJ/mol1957.9 kJ/mol3555 kJ/mol5536 kJ/mol7700 kJ/mol9900 kJ/mol13400 kJ/mol16000 kJ/mol19200 kJ/mol22400 kJ/mol25600 kJ/mol35600 kJ/mol38700 kJ/mol42000 kJ/mol46700 kJ/mol50200 kJ/mol53700 kJ/mol61100 kJ/mol64700 kJ/mol68800 kJ/mol75500 kJ/mol79000 kJ/mol85100 kJ/mol89400 kJ/mol94800 kJ/mol100000 kJ/mol106000 kJ/mol111000 kJ/mol118800 kJ/mol125300 kJ/mol131000 kJ/mol138000 kJ/mol144500 kJ/mol151000 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:21
Electronegativity: 1.9
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 30
Symbol: Zn
Name: Zinc
Atomic Mass: 65.38
Category: Transition metals
Group: 12
Period: 4
Block: d
Appearance: silver-grey
Density: 7.14
Boiling Point: 1180 K
Melting Point: 692.68 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal. It is brittle at ambient temperatures but becomes malleable at 100 to 150 °C. Zinc is used as a protective coating for iron and steel products and in alloys such as brass and bronze.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:906.4 kJ/mol1733.3 kJ/mol3833 kJ/mol5731 kJ/mol7970 kJ/mol10400 kJ/mol12900 kJ/mol16800 kJ/mol19600 kJ/mol23000 kJ/mol26400 kJ/mol29900 kJ/mol40400 kJ/mol43800 kJ/mol47300 kJ/mol52300 kJ/mol55900 kJ/mol59700 kJ/mol67300 kJ/mol71200 kJ/mol76100 kJ/mol80000 kJ/mol86500 kJ/mol90800 kJ/mol96500 kJ/mol101700 kJ/mol106200 kJ/mol111100 kJ/mol117000 kJ/mol122400 kJ/mol130000 kJ/mol138000 kJ/mol144300 kJ/mol151700 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 1.65
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 31
Symbol: Ga
Name: Gallium
Atomic Mass: 69.723
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 13
Period: 4
Block: p
Appearance: silver-white
Density: 5.91
Boiling Point: 2673 K
Melting Point: 302.9146 K
Year Discovered: 1875
Discovered By: Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Summary: Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that is liquid near room temperature. It is used in semiconductors, LEDs, and photovoltaics. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is used in high-speed switching applications and solar cells.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹
Electrons Per Shell:28183
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:578.8 kJ/mol1979.3 kJ/mol2963 kJ/mol6180 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.81
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 32
Symbol: Ge
Name: Germanium
Atomic Mass: 72.63
Category: Metalloids
Group: 14
Period: 4
Block: p
Appearance: greyish-white
Density: 5.323
Boiling Point: 3106 K
Melting Point: 1211.4 K
Year Discovered: 1886
Discovered By: Clemens Winkler
Summary: Germanium is a lustrous, hard, greyish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. It is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Electrons Per Shell:28184
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:762 kJ/mol1537.5 kJ/mol3302.1 kJ/mol4411 kJ/mol9020 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:42
Electronegativity: 2.01
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 33
Symbol: As
Name: Arsenic
Atomic Mass: 74.922
Category: Metalloids
Group: 15
Period: 4
Block: p
Appearance: metallic grey
Density: 5.727
Boiling Point: 887 K
Melting Point: 1090 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Ancient
Summary: Arsenic is a metalloid element, gray in color and metallic in appearance, commonly found in a crystalline or amorphous form. It is poisonous and can be used in alloys and semiconductors.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³
Electrons Per Shell:28185
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:947 kJ/mol1798 kJ/mol2735 kJ/mol4837 kJ/mol6043 kJ/mol12310 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:53-1
Electronegativity: 2.18
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 34
Symbol: Se
Name: Selenium
Atomic Mass: 78.971
Category: Nonmetals
Group: 16
Period: 4
Block: p
Appearance: black, red, and grey (not pictured) allotropes
Density: 4.81
Boiling Point: 958 K
Melting Point: 494 K
Year Discovered: 1817
Discovered By: Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Summary: Selenium is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below it in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature and is primarily found in sulfide ores.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴
Electrons Per Shell:28186
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:941 kJ/mol2045 kJ/mol2973.7 kJ/mol4144 kJ/mol6590 kJ/mol7880 kJ/mol14990 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:642-2
Electronegativity: 2.55
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 35
Symbol: Br
Name: Bromine
Atomic Mass: 79.904
Category: Halogens
Group: 17
Period: 4
Block: p
Appearance: reddish-brown liquid
Density: 3.1028
Boiling Point: 332 K
Melting Point: 265.8 K
Year Discovered: 1826
Discovered By: Antoine Jérôme Balard
Summary: Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates easily to form a similarly colored gas. It is toxic and corrosive, resembling chlorine in its chemical behavior. Bromine is used in flame retardants, pesticides, and water purification compounds.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵
Electrons Per Shell:28187
Phase: Liquid
Ionization Energies:1139.9 kJ/mol2103 kJ/mol3470 kJ/mol4560 kJ/mol5760 kJ/mol8550 kJ/mol9940 kJ/mol18600 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:7531-1
Electronegativity: 2.96
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 36
Symbol: Kr
Name: Krypton
Atomic Mass: 83.798
Category: Noble gases
Group: 18
Period: 4
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field
Density: 0.003733
Boiling Point: 119.93 K
Melting Point: 115.78 K
Year Discovered: 1898
Discovered By: Sir William Ramsay
Summary: Krypton is a colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere. It is used in certain photographic flashes and in high-performance light bulbs.
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶
Electrons Per Shell:28188
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1350.8 kJ/mol2350.4 kJ/mol3565 kJ/mol5070 kJ/mol6240 kJ/mol7570 kJ/mol10710 kJ/mol12138 kJ/mol22274 kJ/mol25880 kJ/mol29700 kJ/mol33800 kJ/mol37700 kJ/mol43100 kJ/mol47500 kJ/mol52200 kJ/mol57100 kJ/mol61800 kJ/mol75800 kJ/mol80400 kJ/mol85300 kJ/mol90400 kJ/mol96300 kJ/mol101400 kJ/mol106300 kJ/mol111100 kJ/mol116290 kJ/mol121000 kJ/mol126200 kJ/mol133000 kJ/mol138000 kJ/mol144300 kJ/mol151000 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity:
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 37
Symbol: Rb
Name: Rubidium
Atomic Mass: 85.468
Category: Alkali metals
Group: 1
Period: 5
Block: s
Appearance: grey white
Density: 1.532
Boiling Point: 961 K
Melting Point: 312.45 K
Year Discovered: 1861
Discovered By: Robert Bunsen
Summary: Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. It is the second most electropositive of the stable alkali metals and melts at a temperature of 39.3 °C (102.7 °F).
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s¹
Electrons Per Shell:281881
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:403 kJ/mol2633 kJ/mol3860 kJ/mol5080 kJ/mol6850 kJ/mol8140 kJ/mol9570 kJ/mol13120 kJ/mol14500 kJ/mol26740 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1
Electronegativity: 0.82
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 38
Symbol: Sr
Name: Strontium
Atomic Mass: 87.62
Category: Alkaline earth metals
Group: 2
Period: 5
Block: s
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Density: 2.64
Boiling Point: 1650 K
Melting Point: 1050 K
Year Discovered: 1790
Discovered By: Adair Crawford
Summary: Strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is exposed to air and keeps it from reacting further with air. It reacts vigorously with water and quickly tarnishes in air. Because of its high reactivity, it occurs naturally only in compounds with other elements, like celestite and strontianite.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s²
Electrons Per Shell:281882
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:549.5 kJ/mol1064.2 kJ/mol4138 kJ/mol5500 kJ/mol6910 kJ/mol8760 kJ/mol10230 kJ/mol11800 kJ/mol15600 kJ/mol17100 kJ/mol29100 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 0.95
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 39
Symbol: Y
Name: Yttrium
Atomic Mass: 88.906
Category: Transition metals
Group: 3
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 4.472
Boiling Point: 3203 K
Melting Point: 1799 K
Year Discovered: 1794
Discovered By: Johan Gadolin
Summary: Yttrium is a silvery-metallic, lustrous, and highly crystalline transition metal in group 3. It is chemically similar to the lanthanides and has historically been classified as a rare-earth element. It is used in various alloys and compounds, particularly in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystals used in lasers.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹ 5s²
Electrons Per Shell:281892
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:600 kJ/mol1180 kJ/mol1980 kJ/mol5847 kJ/mol7430 kJ/mol8970 kJ/mol11190 kJ/mol12450 kJ/mol14110 kJ/mol18400 kJ/mol19900 kJ/mol36090 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.22
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 40
Symbol: Zr
Name: Zirconium
Atomic Mass: 91.224
Category: Transition metals
Group: 4
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 6.52
Boiling Point: 4650 K
Melting Point: 2128 K
Year Discovered: 1789
Discovered By: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Summary: Zirconium is a lustrous, greyish-white, soft, ductile, and malleable metal that is solid at room temperature. It is resistant to corrosion due to its oxide film and is used in nuclear reactors, for making alloys, and as a catalyst.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d² 5s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818102
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:640.1 kJ/mol1270 kJ/mol2218 kJ/mol3313 kJ/mol7752 kJ/mol9500 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:4
Electronegativity: 1.33
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 41
Symbol: Nb
Name: Niobium
Atomic Mass: 92.906
Category: Transition metals
Group: 5
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: grey metallic
Density: 8.57
Boiling Point: 5017 K
Melting Point: 2750 K
Year Discovered: 1801
Discovered By: Charles Hatchett
Summary: Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore and columbite. Its name comes from Greek mythology, Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus. It is used in alloys, especially in high-temperature superalloys for jet engines and heat-resistant equipment.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818121
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:652.1 kJ/mol1380 kJ/mol2416 kJ/mol3700 kJ/mol4877 kJ/mol9847 kJ/mol12100 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:53
Electronegativity: 1.6
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 42
Symbol: Mo
Name: Molybdenum
Atomic Mass: 95.95
Category: Transition metals
Group: 6
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: grey metallic
Density: 10.28
Boiling Point: 4912 K
Melting Point: 2896 K
Year Discovered: 1778
Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Summary: Molybdenum is a silver-grey metal with a high melting point (2,623°C) that makes it useful in heating elements. It has one of the highest melting points of all pure elements. Molybdenum is used in alloys and coatings to make them stronger and more heat-resistant.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818131
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:684.3 kJ/mol1560 kJ/mol2618 kJ/mol4480 kJ/mol5257 kJ/mol6640.8 kJ/mol12125 kJ/mol13800 kJ/mol15835 kJ/mol17980 kJ/mol20190 kJ/mol22219 kJ/mol26930 kJ/mol29196 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:65432
Electronegativity: 2.16
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 43
Symbol: Tc
Name: Technetium
Atomic Mass: 98
Category: Transition metals
Group: 7
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: shiny gray metal
Density: 11
Boiling Point: 4538 K
Melting Point: 2430 K
Year Discovered: 1937
Discovered By: Carlo Perrier, Emilio Segrè
Summary: Technetium is a silvery-grey metal that is radioactive and the first element to be artificially produced. It is used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818132
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:702 kJ/mol1470 kJ/mol2850 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:7654321-1
Electronegativity: 1.9
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 44
Symbol: Ru
Name: Ruthenium
Atomic Mass: 101.07
Category: Transition metals
Group: 8
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Density: 12.45
Boiling Point: 4423 K
Melting Point: 2607 K
Year Discovered: 1844
Discovered By: Karl Ernst Claus
Summary: Ruthenium is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. It is found in platinum ores and is used in some alloys and as a catalyst for various chemical reactions.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818151
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:710.2 kJ/mol1620 kJ/mol2747 kJ/mol4700 kJ/mol5490 kJ/mol6880 kJ/mol7870 kJ/mol14990 kJ/mol16200 kJ/mol18200 kJ/mol20500 kJ/mol22100 kJ/mol24900 kJ/mol26600 kJ/mol29900 kJ/mol32300 kJ/mol34700 kJ/mol35800 kJ/mol38600 kJ/mol40700 kJ/mol43500 kJ/mol45900 kJ/mol48400 kJ/mol53000 kJ/mol56000 kJ/mol58000 kJ/mol62000 kJ/mol65100 kJ/mol70000 kJ/mol73300 kJ/mol78000 kJ/mol81400 kJ/mol87500 kJ/mol91400 kJ/mol96600 kJ/mol101400 kJ/mol105600 kJ/mol111100 kJ/mol116000 kJ/mol122200 kJ/mol127700 kJ/mol133200 kJ/mol138600 kJ/mol144300 kJ/mol149300 kJ/mol155400 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:876543210-1-2-3-4-5-6
Electronegativity: 2.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 45
Symbol: Rh
Name: Rhodium
Atomic Mass: 102.905
Category: Transition metals
Group: 9
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: silvery-white metallic
Density: 12.41
Boiling Point: 3968 K
Melting Point: 2237 K
Year Discovered: 1803
Discovered By: William Hyde Wollaston
Summary: Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals. Rhodium is primarily used as a catalyst and in jewelry.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818161
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:719.7 kJ/mol1740 kJ/mol2990 kJ/mol4620 kJ/mol6270 kJ/mol7920 kJ/mol9530 kJ/mol11600 kJ/mol13500 kJ/mol15100 kJ/mol17300 kJ/mol18900 kJ/mol20400 kJ/mol22000 kJ/mol23800 kJ/mol25200 kJ/mol27000 kJ/mol28400 kJ/mol30000 kJ/mol32000 kJ/mol33800 kJ/mol35600 kJ/mol37700 kJ/mol39300 kJ/mol41200 kJ/mol43300 kJ/mol45300 kJ/mol47800 kJ/mol49500 kJ/mol52300 kJ/mol55000 kJ/mol57100 kJ/mol61000 kJ/mol63300 kJ/mol66500 kJ/mol70000 kJ/mol73500 kJ/mol78700 kJ/mol81500 kJ/mol85000 kJ/mol88000 kJ/mol91000 kJ/mol94000 kJ/mol97300 kJ/mol100700 kJ/mol103700 kJ/mol107100 kJ/mol110700 kJ/mol114500 kJ/mol118100 kJ/mol121700 kJ/mol125400 kJ/mol129300 kJ/mol133200 kJ/mol137300 kJ/mol141300 kJ/mol145500 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:6543210-1-3
Electronegativity: 2.28
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 46
Symbol: Pd
Name: Palladium
Atomic Mass: 106.42
Category: Transition metals
Group: 10
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 12.023
Boiling Point: 3236 K
Melting Point: 1828.05 K
Year Discovered: 1803
Discovered By: William Hyde Wollaston
Summary: Palladium is a rare, silvery-white, precious metal. It has the lowest melting point and density of the platinum group metals. Palladium is used in catalytic converters, jewelry, watchmaking, and in some dental applications.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰
Electrons Per Shell:2818180
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:804.4 kJ/mol1870 kJ/mol3170 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:43210
Electronegativity: 2.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 47
Symbol: Ag
Name: Silver
Atomic Mass: 107.868
Category: Transition metals
Group: 11
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: lustrous white metal
Density: 10.49
Boiling Point: 2435 K
Melting Point: 1234.93 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Unknown, before 5000 BC
Summary: Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal. It has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. Silver is used in jewelry, coinage, photography, mirrors, and electrical contacts.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818181
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:731 kJ/mol2070 kJ/mol3361 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1
Electronegativity: 1.93
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 48
Symbol: Cd
Name: Cadmium
Atomic Mass: 112.414
Category: Transition metals
Group: 12
Period: 5
Block: d
Appearance: silvery bluish-gray metallic
Density: 8.65
Boiling Point: 1040 K
Melting Point: 594.22 K
Year Discovered: 1817
Discovered By: Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann, Friedrich Stromeyer
Summary: Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal that is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc but reacts to form complex compounds. Cadmium is used in batteries, pigments, coatings, and as a stabilizer for plastics.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818182
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:868 kJ/mol1631.4 kJ/mol3616 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 1.69
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 49
Symbol: In
Name: Indium
Atomic Mass: 114.818
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 13
Period: 5
Block: p
Appearance: silvery lustrous gray
Density: 7.31
Boiling Point: 2345 K
Melting Point: 429.7485 K
Year Discovered: 1863
Discovered By: Ferdinand Reich, Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Summary: Indium is a soft, silvery-white, highly ductile, and malleable post-transition metal. It is used in semiconductors, electronics, alloys, and as a coating for bearings and transparent conductive coatings.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818183
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:558.3 kJ/mol1820.7 kJ/mol2704 kJ/mol5210 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:321
Electronegativity: 1.78
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 50
Symbol: Sn
Name: Tin
Atomic Mass: 118.71
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 14
Period: 5
Block: p
Appearance: silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)
Density: 7.365
Boiling Point: 2875 K
Melting Point: 505.08 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Unknown, before 3500 BC
Summary: Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal that is very ductile and malleable. It has a crystalline structure and is highly resistant to corrosion. Tin is used in coatings, alloys, and as a constituent of bronze and pewter.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²
Electrons Per Shell:2818184
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:708.6 kJ/mol1411.8 kJ/mol2943 kJ/mol3930.3 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:4321-4-3-2-1
Electronegativity: 1.96
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 51
Symbol: Sb
Name: Antimony
Atomic Mass: 121.76
Category: Metalloids
Group: 15
Period: 5
Block: p
Appearance: silvery lustrous gray
Density: 6.697
Boiling Point: 1860 K
Melting Point: 903.78 K
Year Discovered: Ancient
Discovered By: Unknown, before 3000 BC
Summary: Antimony is a brittle, silvery-white semimetal that exhibits a bluish tinge when molten. It is found in nature primarily as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Antimony and its compounds are used in flame-retardant materials, batteries, and alloys.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³
Electrons Per Shell:2818185
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:834 kJ/mol1594.9 kJ/mol2440 kJ/mol4260 kJ/mol5400 kJ/mol10400 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:54321-1-2-3
Electronegativity: 2.05
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 52
Symbol: Te
Name: Tellurium
Atomic Mass: 127.6
Category: Metalloids
Group: 16
Period: 5
Block: p
Appearance: silvery lustrous gray
Density: 6.24
Boiling Point: 1261 K
Melting Point: 722.66 K
Year Discovered: 1782
Discovered By: Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein
Summary: Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, silver-white metalloid. It is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. Tellurium is primarily used in alloys and as a semiconductor material in solar cells, rewritable optical discs, and electronic devices.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴
Electrons Per Shell:2818186
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:869.3 kJ/mol1790 kJ/mol2698 kJ/mol3610 kJ/mol5668 kJ/mol6820 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:654321-2
Electronegativity: 2.1
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 53
Symbol: I
Name: Iodine
Atomic Mass: 126.90447
Category: Halogens
Group: 17
Period: 5
Block: p
Appearance: lustrous metallic gray, violet as a gas
Density: 4.933
Boiling Point: 457.4 K
Melting Point: 386.85 K
Year Discovered: 1811
Discovered By: Bernard Courtois
Summary: Iodine is a nonmetallic, lustrous, purple-black solid. It is the heaviest essential nutrient required by the human body and is primarily used in pharmaceuticals, dyes, photography, and as a disinfectant.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵
Electrons Per Shell:2818187
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:1008.4 kJ/mol1845.9 kJ/mol3180 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:75431-1
Electronegativity: 2.66
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 54
Symbol: Xe
Name: Xenon
Atomic Mass: 131.293
Category: Noble gases
Group: 18
Period: 5
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in a high voltage electric field
Density: 0.005887
Boiling Point: 165.051 K
Melting Point: 161.4 K
Year Discovered: 1898
Discovered By: Sir William Ramsay, Morris Travers
Summary: Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas. It is used in light-emitting devices, high-intensity lamps, and as an anesthetic. Xenon is also used in nuclear energy applications and in certain medical imaging techniques.
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶
Electrons Per Shell:2818188
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1170.4 kJ/mol2046.4 kJ/mol3099.4 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2468
Electronegativity: 2.6
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 55
Symbol: Cs
Name: Cesium
Atomic Mass: 132.90545196
Category: Alkali metals
Group: 1
Period: 6
Block: s
Appearance: gold-colored
Density: 1.93
Boiling Point: 944 K
Melting Point: 301.7 K
Year Discovered: 1860
Discovered By: Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff
Summary: Cesium is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point lower than any other known metal. It is used in atomic clocks, photoelectric cells, and as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 6s¹
Electrons Per Shell:28181881
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:375.7 kJ/mol2234.3 kJ/mol3400 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1
Electronegativity: 0.79
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 56
Symbol: Ba
Name: Barium
Atomic Mass: 137.327
Category: Alkaline earth metals
Group: 2
Period: 6
Block: s
Appearance:
Density: 3.51
Boiling Point: 2118 K
Melting Point: 1000 K
Year Discovered: 1808
Discovered By: Humphry Davy
Summary: Barium is a soft, silvery-white alkaline earth metal. It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air, but it is commonly found in minerals. Barium compounds are used in medicine, fireworks, and glassmaking.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28181882
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:502.9 kJ/mol965.2 kJ/mol3600 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:21
Electronegativity: 0.89
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 57
Symbol: La
Name: Lanthanum
Atomic Mass: 138.90547
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 6.162
Boiling Point: 3737 K
Melting Point: 1193 K
Year Discovered: 1839
Discovered By: Carl Gustaf Mosander
Summary: Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. It is used in carbon arc lamps, camera lenses, and as a catalyst in petroleum refining.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 5d¹ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28181892
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:538.1 kJ/mol1067 kJ/mol1850.3 kJ/mol4819 kJ/mol5940 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:321
Electronegativity: 1.1
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 58
Symbol: Ce
Name: Cerium
Atomic Mass: 140.116
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 6.77
Boiling Point: 3716 K
Melting Point: 1068 K
Year Discovered: 1803
Discovered By: Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Summary: Cerium is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air. It is used in catalytic converters, self-cleaning ovens, and as a component in certain alloys and glasses.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28181992
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:534.4 kJ/mol1050 kJ/mol1949 kJ/mol3547 kJ/mol6325.5 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:432
Electronegativity: 1.12
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 59
Symbol: Pr
Name: Praseodymium
Atomic Mass: 140.90766
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: grayish white
Density: 6.77
Boiling Point: 3403 K
Melting Point: 1208 K
Year Discovered: 1885
Discovered By: Carl Auer von Welsbach
Summary: Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is used as an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals used in aircraft engines and as a component in certain rare-earth magnets.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f³ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182182
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:527 kJ/mol1020 kJ/mol2086 kJ/mol3761 kJ/mol5551 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:43
Electronegativity: 1.13
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 60
Symbol: Nd
Name: Neodymium
Atomic Mass: 144.242
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 7.01
Boiling Point: 3347 K
Melting Point: 1297 K
Year Discovered: 1885
Discovered By: Carl Auer von Welsbach
Summary: Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal that tarnishes in air. It is used in magnets, especially in high-strength permanent magnets. Neodymium compounds are used in glass coloring and as catalysts.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182282
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:533.1 kJ/mol1040 kJ/mol2130 kJ/mol3900 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:43
Electronegativity: 1.14
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 61
Symbol: Pm
Name: Promethium
Atomic Mass: 145
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: metallic
Density: 7.26
Boiling Point: 3273 K
Melting Point: 1315 K
Year Discovered: 1945
Discovered By: Chien Shiung Wu
Summary: Promethium is a radioactive, silvery metallic element of the lanthanide series. It is extremely rare and found in uranium ores. Promethium has no significant commercial applications but has potential future uses in atomic batteries and portable X-ray sources.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182382
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:540 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.13
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 62
Symbol: Sm
Name: Samarium
Atomic Mass: 150.36
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 7.52
Boiling Point: 2173 K
Melting Point: 1345 K
Year Discovered: 1879
Discovered By: Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Summary: Samarium is a moderately hard silvery metal that is relatively stable in air. It is used in the production of specialized alloys, permanent magnets, and control rods for nuclear reactors.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182482
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:544.5 kJ/mol1070 kJ/mol2260 kJ/mol3990 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:32
Electronegativity: 1.17
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 63
Symbol: Eu
Name: Europium
Atomic Mass: 151.964
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 5.264
Boiling Point: 1802 K
Melting Point: 1099 K
Year Discovered: 1901
Discovered By: Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
Summary: Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal that is ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass, as a dopant in some types of lasers, and in the production of certain phosphors.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182582
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:547.1 kJ/mol1085 kJ/mol2404 kJ/mol4120 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:32
Electronegativity: 1.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 64
Symbol: Gd
Name: Gadolinium
Atomic Mass: 157.25
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 7.895
Boiling Point: 3546 K
Melting Point: 1585 K
Year Discovered: 1880
Discovered By: Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Summary: Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malleable, and ductile rare-earth metal. It is used for making control rods in nuclear reactors and as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182592
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:593.4 kJ/mol1170 kJ/mol1990 kJ/mol4250 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 65
Symbol: Tb
Name: Terbium
Atomic Mass: 158.92535
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 8.23
Boiling Point: 3503 K
Melting Point: 1629 K
Year Discovered: 1843
Discovered By: Carl Gustaf Mosander
Summary: Terbium is a silvery-white, rare-earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is used in phosphors, in some lasers, and as a component of alloys used in electronic devices and in nuclear reactors.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182782
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:565.8 kJ/mol1110 kJ/mol2114 kJ/mol3839 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:43
Electronegativity: 1.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 66
Symbol: Dy
Name: Dysprosium
Atomic Mass: 162.5
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 8.54
Boiling Point: 2840 K
Melting Point: 1680 K
Year Discovered: 1886
Discovered By: Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Summary: Dysprosium is a rare-earth element with a metallic silver luster. It is used in the production of specialized metal alloys, high-strength magnets, and in nuclear reactor control rods.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁰ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182882
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:573 kJ/mol1130 kJ/mol2200 kJ/mol3990 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.22
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 67
Symbol: Ho
Name: Holmium
Atomic Mass: 164.93033
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 8.79
Boiling Point: 2973 K
Melting Point: 1734 K
Year Discovered: 1878
Discovered By: Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret
Summary: Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable rare-earth metal. It is used in some electronic devices and industrial magnets, and its compounds are used in glass coloring and as a component of certain metal alloys.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹¹ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28182982
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:581 kJ/mol1140 kJ/mol2204 kJ/mol4100 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.23
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 68
Symbol: Er
Name: Erbium
Atomic Mass: 167.259
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 9.066
Boiling Point: 3141 K
Melting Point: 1802 K
Year Discovered: 1842
Discovered By: Carl Gustaf Mosander
Summary: Erbium is a soft, malleable, silvery-white metal. It is used in nuclear technology and in the production of some types of glass and ceramics. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are used in optical communications.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹² 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183082
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:589.3 kJ/mol1150 kJ/mol2194 kJ/mol4120 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.24
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 69
Symbol: Tm
Name: Thulium
Atomic Mass: 168.93422
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery gray
Density: 9.32
Boiling Point: 2223 K
Melting Point: 1818 K
Year Discovered: 1879
Discovered By: Per Teodor Cleve
Summary: Thulium is a moderately hard, silvery-gray metal that is stable in dry air. It is used as a radiation source in portable X-ray devices and in some solid-state lasers. Thulium compounds are used in ceramic glazes and certain types of glass.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183182
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:596.7 kJ/mol1160 kJ/mol2285 kJ/mol4120 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.25
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 70
Symbol: Yb
Name: Ytterbium
Atomic Mass: 173.054
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 6.9
Boiling Point: 1469 K
Melting Point: 1097 K
Year Discovered: 1878
Discovered By: Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Summary: Ytterbium is a soft, malleable, silvery-metallic element of the lanthanide series. It is used as a doping agent in fiber optics, in certain types of lasers, and in high-strength metals used in portable X-ray machines.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183282
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:603.4 kJ/mol1174.8 kJ/mol2417 kJ/mol4203 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.1
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 71
Symbol: Lu
Name: Lutetium
Atomic Mass: 174.9668
Category: Lanthanides
Group: 3
Period: 6
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 9.841
Boiling Point: 3668 K
Melting Point: 1925 K
Year Discovered: 1907
Discovered By: Georges Urbain, Carl Auer von Welsbach
Summary: Lutetium is a silvery-white metal that is relatively stable in air. It is used in research, and its compounds are used as catalysts in certain chemical reactions.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183292
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:523.5 kJ/mol1340 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.27
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 72
Symbol: Hf
Name: Hafnium
Atomic Mass: 178.49
Category: Transition metals
Group: 4
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: steel gray
Density: 13.31
Boiling Point: 4876 K
Melting Point: 2506 K
Year Discovered: 1923
Discovered By: Dirk Coster, George de Hevesy
Summary: Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery-gray transition metal. It is used in nuclear reactors and in the manufacturing of some superalloys.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832102
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:658.5 kJ/mol1440 kJ/mol2250 kJ/mol3216 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:4
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 73
Symbol: Ta
Name: Tantalum
Atomic Mass: 180.94788
Category: Transition metals
Group: 5
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: gray blue
Density: 16.69
Boiling Point: 5731 K
Melting Point: 3290 K
Year Discovered: 1802
Discovered By: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
Summary: Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal. It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in electronics, medical implants, and chemical processing equipment.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832112
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:761 kJ/mol1500 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:5
Electronegativity: 1.5
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 74
Symbol: W
Name: Tungsten
Atomic Mass: 183.84
Category: Transition metals
Group: 6
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: grayish white, lustrous
Density: 19.25
Boiling Point: 6203 K
Melting Point: 3695 K
Year Discovered: 1783
Discovered By: Juan José Elhuyar, Fausto Elhuyar
Summary: Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. It is used in various industries due to its high melting point, density, and hardness.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832122
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:770 kJ/mol1700 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:6
Electronegativity: 2.36
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 75
Symbol: Re
Name: Rhenium
Atomic Mass: 186.207
Category: Transition metals
Group: 7
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: silvery-grayish
Density: 21.02
Boiling Point: 5869 K
Melting Point: 3459 K
Year Discovered: 1925
Discovered By: Masataka Ogawa
Summary: Rhenium is a silvery-gray, heavy, third-row transition metal. It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in high-temperature superalloys for jet engine components and in catalysts.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832132
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:760 kJ/mol1260 kJ/mol2510 kJ/mol3640 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-3-11234567
Electronegativity: 1.9
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 76
Symbol: Os
Name: Osmium
Atomic Mass: 190.23
Category: Transition metals
Group: 8
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: silvery, blue cast
Density: 22.59
Boiling Point: 5285 K
Melting Point: 3306 K
Year Discovered: 1803
Discovered By: Smithson Tennant
Summary: Osmium is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group. It is the densest naturally occurring element and is used in alloys with other metals for their hardness and durability.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832142
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:840 kJ/mol1600 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-2-112345678
Electronegativity: 2.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 77
Symbol: Ir
Name: Iridium
Atomic Mass: 192.217
Category: Transition metals
Group: 9
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 22.56
Boiling Point: 4403 K
Melting Point: 2719 K
Year Discovered: 1803
Discovered By: Smithson Tennant
Summary: Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant transition metal. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at high temperatures, and is used in specialized applications where durability and resistance to wear are important.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d^7 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832152
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:880 kJ/mol1600 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-3-1123456
Electronegativity: 2.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 78
Symbol: Pt
Name: Platinum
Atomic Mass: 195.084
Category: Transition metals
Group: 10
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 21.45
Boiling Point: 4098 K
Melting Point: 2041.4 K
Year Discovered: Antiquity
Discovered By: Unknown, identified in South America
Summary: Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. It is resistant to corrosion and tarnish, and is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, and catalytic converters.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹
Electrons Per Shell:281832171
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:870 kJ/mol1791 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2456
Electronegativity: 2.28
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 79
Symbol: Au
Name: Gold
Atomic Mass: 196.966569
Category: Transition metals
Group: 11
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: metallic yellow
Density: 19.32
Boiling Point: 3129 K
Melting Point: 1337.33 K
Year Discovered: Antiquity
Discovered By: Unknown, identified in Middle East
Summary: Gold is a soft, dense, yellow, highly ductile and malleable precious transition metal. It does not react with most chemicals, but is commonly used in jewelry, electronics, and as an investment.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹
Electrons Per Shell:281832181
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:890 kJ/mol1980 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1235
Electronegativity: 2.54
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 80
Symbol: Hg
Name: Mercury
Atomic Mass: 200.592
Category: Transition metals
Group: 12
Period: 6
Block: d
Appearance: silvery
Density: 13.5336
Boiling Point: 630 K
Melting Point: 234.321 K
Year Discovered: Antiquity
Discovered By: Unknown, identified in Egypt
Summary: Mercury is a dense, silvery-white transition metal. It is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure, and is used in thermometers, barometers, and some electrical switches.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²
Electrons Per Shell:281832182
Phase: Liquid
Ionization Energies:1007.1 kJ/mol1810 kJ/mol3300 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:12
Electronegativity: 2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 81
Symbol: Tl
Name: Thallium
Atomic Mass: 204.38
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 13
Period: 6
Block: p
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 11.85
Boiling Point: 1746 K
Melting Point: 577 K
Year Discovered: 1861
Discovered By: William Crookes
Summary: Thallium is a soft, malleable gray post-transition metal. It is highly toxic and was historically used in rat poisons and medical imaging. It has limited commercial applications today.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹
Electrons Per Shell:281832183
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:589.4 kJ/mol1971 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:13
Electronegativity: 1.62
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 82
Symbol: Pb
Name: Lead
Atomic Mass: 207.2
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 14
Period: 6
Block: p
Appearance: metallic gray
Density: 11.34
Boiling Point: 2022 K
Melting Point: 600.61 K
Year Discovered: Antiquity
Discovered By: Unknown, identified in Middle East
Summary: Lead is a heavy, soft, malleable post-transition metal. It is highly toxic and has been used in plumbing, batteries, and as a radiation shield. Its use is declining due to environmental and health concerns.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²
Electrons Per Shell:281832184
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:715.6 kJ/mol1450.5 kJ/mol3081.5 kJ/mol4083 kJ/mol6640 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-4-2-11234
Electronegativity: 2.33
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 83
Symbol: Bi
Name: Bismuth
Atomic Mass: 208.9804
Category: Post-transition metals
Group: 15
Period: 6
Block: p
Appearance: lustrous silver
Density: 9.78
Boiling Point: 1837 K
Melting Point: 544.7 K
Year Discovered: Ancient times
Discovered By: Ancient civilizations
Summary: Bismuth is a brittle, lustrous, pinkish-white post-transition metal. It is the most naturally diamagnetic element and has a higher electrical resistance than lead. It is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³
Electrons Per Shell:281832185
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:703 kJ/mol1610 kJ/mol2466 kJ/mol4370 kJ/mol5400 kJ/mol8520 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-312345
Electronegativity: 2.02
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 84
Symbol: Po
Name: Polonium
Atomic Mass: 209
Category: Metalloids
Group: 16
Period: 6
Block: p
Appearance: silvery
Density: 9.196
Boiling Point: 1235 K
Melting Point: 527 K
Year Discovered: 1898
Discovered By: Marie Curie
Summary: Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metalloid. It is extremely toxic due to its radioactivity and has no significant commercial applications, except in research.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴
Electrons Per Shell:281832186
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:812.1 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-2246
Electronegativity: 2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 85
Symbol: At
Name: Astatine
Atomic Mass: 210
Category: Halogens
Group: 17
Period: 6
Block: p
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density:
Boiling Point: 610 K
Melting Point: 575 K
Year Discovered: 1940
Discovered By: Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, Emilio Segrè
Summary: Astatine is a rare and highly radioactive halogen. It is the rarest naturally occurring halogen and has no significant commercial applications, except in research.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁵
Electrons Per Shell:281832187
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:899.003 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-1135
Electronegativity: 2.2
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 86
Symbol: Rn
Name: Radon
Atomic Mass: 222
Category: Noble gases
Group: 18
Period: 6
Block: p
Appearance: colorless gas, occasionally glows green or red in discharge tubes
Density: 9.73
Boiling Point: 211.5 K
Melting Point: 202 K
Year Discovered: 1899
Discovered By: Ernest Rutherford, Robert B. Owens
Summary: Radon is a radioactive noble gas. It is derived from the decay of radium and is found in soil, water, and some building materials. It is used in cancer treatment and as a tracer in leak detection.
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶
Electrons Per Shell:281832188
Phase: Gas
Ionization Energies:1037 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:0
Electronegativity:
Is Reactive:No

Atomic Number: 87
Symbol: Fr
Name: Francium
Atomic Mass: 223
Category: Alkali metals
Group: 1
Period: 7
Block: s
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density:
Boiling Point: K
Melting Point: K
Year Discovered: 1939
Discovered By: Marguerite Perey
Summary: Francium is a highly radioactive alkali metal. It is extremely rare and is found in trace amounts in uranium and thorium ores. It has no significant commercial applications and is used only in research.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818321881
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:380 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1
Electronegativity: 0.7
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 88
Symbol: Ra
Name: Radium
Atomic Mass: 226
Category: Alkaline earth metals
Group: 2
Period: 7
Block: s
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Density: 5.5
Boiling Point: 2010 K
Melting Point: 973 K
Year Discovered: 1898
Discovered By: Marie Curie, Pierre Curie
Summary: Radium is a highly radioactive alkaline earth metal. It occurs in trace amounts in uranium and thorium ores. It was used historically in self-luminous paints and in cancer treatment, but its use has declined due to its radioactive properties.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818321882
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:509.3 kJ/mol979 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Electronegativity: 0.9
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 89
Symbol: Ac
Name: Actinium
Atomic Mass: 227
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery-white, glowing blue-white in the dark
Density: 10.07
Boiling Point: 3500 K
Melting Point: 1323 K
Year Discovered: 1899
Discovered By: Friedrich Oskar Giesel
Summary: Actinium is a radioactive actinide metal. It glows faintly in the dark due to its intense radioactivity. It has few practical applications but is used in neutron sources and as a beta particle generator.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 6d¹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818321892
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:499 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.1
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 90
Symbol: Th
Name: Thorium
Atomic Mass: 232.0377
Category: Actinides
Group: 2
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery, often with black tarnish
Density: 11.724
Boiling Point: 5061 K
Melting Point: 2023 K
Year Discovered: 1828
Discovered By: Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Summary: Thorium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is the most stable isotope of all actinides and is used in nuclear reactors as a fuel source due to its fertile nature. It has potential applications in energy production.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 6d² 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183218102
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:587 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:234
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 91
Symbol: Pa
Name: Protactinium
Atomic Mass: 231.03588
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: bright, silvery metallic luster
Density: 15.37
Boiling Point: 4300 K
Melting Point: 1841 K
Year Discovered: 1913
Discovered By: William Crookes
Summary: Protactinium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is extremely rare and is found in uranium ores. It has no significant commercial applications but is used in scientific research.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f² 6d¹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322092
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:568 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:5
Electronegativity: 1.5
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 92
Symbol: U
Name: Uranium
Atomic Mass: 238.02891
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery gray metallic
Density: 19.1
Boiling Point: 4404 K
Melting Point: 1405.3 K
Year Discovered: 1789
Discovered By: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Summary: Uranium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is commonly used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and for nuclear weapons. It also has medical applications and is used in radiation therapy.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f³ 6d¹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322192
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:597.6 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3456
Electronegativity: 1.38
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 93
Symbol: Np
Name: Neptunium
Atomic Mass: 237
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery metallic
Density: 20.45
Boiling Point: 4447 K
Melting Point: 913 K
Year Discovered: 1940
Discovered By: Edwin McMillan, Philip H. Abelson
Summary: Neptunium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is produced in nuclear reactors and is used in research and in the production of plutonium-238 for use in spacecraft power sources.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322292
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:604.5 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:34567
Electronegativity: 1.36
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 94
Symbol: Pu
Name: Plutonium
Atomic Mass: 244
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air
Density: 19.84
Boiling Point: 3505 K
Melting Point: 912.5 K
Year Discovered: 1940
Discovered By: Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl
Summary: Plutonium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is produced in nuclear reactors and is used in nuclear weapons and as a fuel in nuclear reactors. It also has applications in space exploration.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f⁶ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322482
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:584.7 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:34567
Electronegativity: 1.28
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 95
Symbol: Am
Name: Americium
Atomic Mass: 243
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery white
Density: 12
Boiling Point: 2880 K
Melting Point: 1449 K
Year Discovered: 1944
Discovered By: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan
Summary: Americium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is used in smoke detectors and in some types of industrial gauges. It is also used as a neutron source in scientific research.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f⁷ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322582
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:578 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:23456
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 96
Symbol: Cm
Name: Curium
Atomic Mass: 247
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark
Density: 13.51
Boiling Point: 3383 K
Melting Point: 1613 K
Year Discovered: 1944
Discovered By: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso
Summary: Curium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has few practical applications outside of scientific research. It glows faintly in the dark due to its radioactivity.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f⁷ 6d¹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322592
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:581 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:34
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 97
Symbol: Bk
Name: Berkelium
Atomic Mass: 247
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery
Density: 14.78
Boiling Point: 2900 K
Melting Point: 1259 K
Year Discovered: 1949
Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary: Berkelium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is synthesized in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used for scientific research purposes.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f⁹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322782
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:601 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:34
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 98
Symbol: Cf
Name: Californium
Atomic Mass: 251
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery
Density: 15.1
Boiling Point: 1743 K
Melting Point: 1173 K
Year Discovered: 1950
Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary: Californium is a radioactive actinide metal. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has applications in neutron moisture gauges and in the detection of metal fatigue in aircraft.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322882
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:608 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:234
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 99
Symbol: Es
Name: Einsteinium
Atomic Mass: 252
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silver-colored
Density: 8.84
Boiling Point: 1269 K
Melting Point: 1133 K
Year Discovered: 1952
Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary: Einsteinium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. It is used for scientific research purposes.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹¹ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818322982
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:619 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 100
Symbol: Fm
Name: Fermium
Atomic Mass: 257
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density: 9.7
Boiling Point: 1800 K
Melting Point: 1800 K
Year Discovered: 1952
Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary: Fermium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used for scientific research purposes.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹² 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818323082
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:627 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 101
Symbol: Md
Name: Mendelevium
Atomic Mass: 258
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: silvery metallic
Density: 10.3
Boiling Point: 1100 K
Melting Point: 1100 K
Year Discovered: 1955
Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary: Mendelevium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used for scientific research purposes.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹³ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818323182
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:635 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:23
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 102
Symbol: No
Name: Nobelium
Atomic Mass: 259
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: f
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density: 9.9
Boiling Point: 1100 K
Melting Point: 1100 K
Year Discovered: 1958
Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Summary: Nobelium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used for scientific research purposes.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:2818323282
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:642 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:23
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 103
Symbol: Lr
Name: Lawrencium
Atomic Mass: 266
Category: Actinides
Group: 3
Period: 7
Block: d
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density: 15.6
Boiling Point: 1900 K
Melting Point: 1900 K
Year Discovered: 1961
Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Summary: Lawrencium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used for scientific research purposes.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s² 7p¹
Electrons Per Shell:2818323283
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:470 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:3
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 104
Symbol: Rf
Name: Rutherfordium
Atomic Mass: 267
Category: Transition metals
Group: 4
Period: 7
Block: d
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density: 23.2
Boiling Point: K
Melting Point: K
Year Discovered: 1964
Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Summary: Rutherfordium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. Its chemistry is largely unknown due to its short half-life.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d² 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183232102
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:580 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:4
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Atomic Number: 105
Symbol: Db
Name: Dubnium
Atomic Mass: 268
Category: Transition metals
Group: 5
Period: 7
Block: d
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Density: 29.3
Boiling Point: K
Melting Point: K
Year Discovered: 1967
Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Summary: Dubnium is a synthetic radioactive element. It is produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications. Its chemistry is largely unknown due to its short half-life.
Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d³ 7s²
Electrons Per Shell:28183232112
Phase: Solid
Ionization Energies:602 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:345
Electronegativity: 1.3
Is Reactive:Yes

Interactive Periodic Table

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